A Brief History of Forensic Psychology

A Brief History of Forensic Psychology More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Forensic psychology is a hot topic. Think about all the books, movies, and television shows about how delving into the minds behind crimes can help solve them and bring justice to victims. But for all its popularity  in the media,  forensic psychology plays an important role in real life. It involves the psychological assessment of those involved in the legal system. Heres a look at how this fascinating specialty in the field  of psychology evolved. Early Research The first seeds of forensic psychology were planted in 1879, when  Wilhelm Wundt, often called the father of psychology, founded his first lab in Germany.?? Since Wundt, the field of forensic psychology has blossomed, with contributions by lots of other experts. James McKeen Cattell, for example, conducted some of the earliest research on the psychology of testimony.?? He posed a series of questions to students at Columbia University, asking them to provide a response and rate their degree of confidence in their answer. He found a surprising degree of inaccuracy, inspiring other psychologists to conduct their own experiments in eyewitness testimony. With even eyewitnesses being unsure of themselves, this raised serious issues about the validity of their usefulness in court. Inspired by Cattells work, Alfred Binet replicated Cattell’s research and studied the results of other psychology experiments that applied to law and criminal justice. His work in intelligence testing was also important to the development of forensic psychology, as many future assessment tools were based on his work.?? How Are IQ Scores Interpreted? Psychologist William Stern also studied witnesses ability to recall information. In one of his experiments, he asked students to summarize a dispute they witnessed between two classmates.?? Stern discovered errors were common among witnesses and concluded that a persons emotions could affect how accurately he remembered things. Stern continued to study issues related to court testimony and later established the first academic journal devoted to applied psychology. Forensic Psychology in the Courts During this time, psychologists were beginning to act as expert witnesses in criminal trials throughout Europe. In 1896, a psychologist by the name of Albert von Schrenck-Notzing testified at a murder trial about the effects of suggestibility on witness testimony.?? The German-American psychologist Hugo Munsterbergs belief that psychology had practical applications in everyday life also contributed to the development of forensic psychology. In 1915, Munsterberg published On the Witness Stand, a book advocating the use of psychology in legal matters.?? Stanford psychologist Lewis Terman began applying psychology to law enforcement in 1916. After revising Binet’s intelligence test, the new Stanford-Binet test was used to assess the intelligence of job candidates for law enforcement positions.?? In 1917, psychologist William Marston found that systolic blood pressure had a strong correlation to lying. This discovery would later lead to the design of the modern polygraph detector.?? How to Tell If Someone Is Lying Marston testified in 1923 in the case of Frye v.  the United States. This case is significant because it established the precedent for the use of expert witnesses in courts.?? The Federal Court of Appeals determined that a procedure, technique, or assessment must be generally accepted within its field in order to be used as evidence. Forensic Psychology Gains Traction Significant growth in American forensic psychology did not happen until after World War II. Psychologists served as expert witnesses, but only in trials that weren’t perceived as infringing on medical specialists, who were seen as more credible witnesses. In the 1940 case of People v. Hawthorne, the courts ruled that the standard for expert witnesses depended on how much the witness knew about a subject, not whether the person had a medical degree.?? In the landmark 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education, several psychologists testified for the plaintiffs and the defendants.?? Later, the courts gave support to psychologists serving as mental illness experts in the case of Jenkins v. the United States.?? Forensic psychology was officially recognized as a specialization within psychology by the American Psychological Association in 2001. Forensic psychology has continued to grow and evolve during the past three decades. Increasing numbers of graduate programs offer dual degrees in psychology and law, while others offer specialized degrees emphasizing  forensic psychology.

Formal Charge Example Problem

Resonance structures are all the possible Lewis structures for a molecule. Formal charge is a technique to identify which resonance structure is the more correct structure. The most correct Lewis structure will be the structure where the formal charges are evenly distributed throughout the molecule. The sum of all the formal charges should equal the total charge of the molecule.Formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons of each atom and the number of electrons the atom is associated with. The equation takes the form:FC eV - eN - eB/2whereeV number of valence electrons of the atom as if it were isolated from the moleculeeN number of unbound valence electrons on the atom in the moleculeeB number of electrons shared by the bonds to other atoms in the moleculeThe two resonance structures in the above picture are for carbon dioxide, CO2. To determine which diagram is the correct one, the formal charges for each atom must be calculated.For Structure A:eV fo r oxygen 6eV for carbon 4To find eN, count the number of electron dots around the atom.br/>eN for O1 4eN for C 0eN for O2 4To find eB, count the bonds to the atom. Each bond is formed by two electrons, one donated from each atom involved in the bond. Multiply each bond by two to get the total number of electrons.eB for O1 2 bonds 4 electronseB for C 4 bonds 8 electronseB for O2 2 bonds 4 electronsUse these three values to calculate the formal charge on each atom. Formal charge of O1 eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of O1 6 - 4 - 4/2Formal charge of O1 6 - 4 - 2Formal charge of O1 0Formal charge of C eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of C1 4 - 0 - 4/2Formal charge of O1 4 - 0 - 2Formal charge of O1 0Formal charge of O2 eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of O2 6 - 4 - 4/2Formal charge of O2 6 - 4 - 2Formal charge of O2 0For Structure B:eN for O1 2eN for C 0eN for O2 6Formal charge of O1 eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of O1 6 - 2 - 6/2Formal charge of O1 6 - 2 - 3Formal charge of O1 1Formal charge of C eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of C1 4 - 0 - 4/2Formal charge of O1 4 - 0 - 2Formal charge of O1 0Formal charge of O2 eV - eN - eB/2Formal charge of O2 6 - 6 - 2/2Formal charge of O2 6 - 6 - 1Formal charge of O2 -1All the formal charges on Structure A equal zero, where the formal charges on Structure B show one end is positively charged and the other is negatively charged. Since the overall distribution of Structure A is zero, Structure A is th e most correct Lewis structure for CO2.

Career Business And Advertising Essay - 1566 Words

Career: Business and Advertising is a career that leads to many different opportunities in the future. Advertising is attracting public attention to your business through selling products or certain services. Media is a popular form of advertising considering the audience is much bigger and easy to spread; other forms included broadcasts and printed advertisements. The basis of advertising and business is closely related to public relations and marketing. My Interest: My interest in this career derives from knowing I want to go into the field of business and it would not hurt to learn about business as it will be applied to any career path I choose in the future. I have always been creative in wanting to create things.Advertising is a great career path to go into as creativity is a necessity because it is important that the public is attracted to your advertisement in order to sell that specific product or service. Advertisement, including background knowledge of business, gives me the creative job that will entertain and constantly challenge me, rather than being stuck behind a desk the rest of my life. Preparation: â€Å"Typical education needed for entry: Bachelor’s degree† (careeronestop). Education in advertising is very important because it teaches how to push the boundaries of creativity. Education in business is also very important because obtaining a successful career will be much easier if you have knowledge of how the business world works. There are manyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Marketing Strategies970 Words   |  4 Pageshttp://www.intel.com/jobs/careers/marketing/ http://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/5256/Sales-Vs-Marketing-Whose-Job-is-it-to-Generate-Leads.aspx Content:  The decision content includes market opportunity analysis, brand development, advertising, pricing and basic sales force management decisions. It also includes a simplified profit analysis. 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A Dirty Job Chapter 26 Free Essays

string(90) " into the Underworld after the Morrigan – after Rachel’s soul, all the souls\." 26 ORPHEUS IN THE STORM SEWER Charlie parked the van sideways in the street and ran up the steps of the Buddhist center calling her name. The huge front door was hanging askew by one hinge, the glass broken, and every drawer and cabinet had been opened and the contents scattered, every piece of furniture overturned or broken. â€Å"Audrey!† He heard a voice to the front of the house and ran back out on the porch. We will write a custom essay sample on A Dirty Job Chapter 26 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Audrey?† â€Å"Down here,† she called. â€Å"We’re still under the porch.† Charlie ran down the steps and around to the side of the porch. He could see movement behind the lattice. He found a small gate and opened it. Inside, Audrey was crouched with a half-dozen other people and a whole crowd of the squirrel people. He scrambled into the crawl space and took her in his arms. Charlie had tried to keep her on the line during the drive over, but a few blocks away the battery in his phone had died, and he had tried, for those few terrifying moments, to imagine losing her – his future, his hope – after his hope had just been awakened again. He was so relieved he could barely breathe. â€Å"Are they gone?† Audrey asked. â€Å"Yes, I think so. I’m so glad you’re all right.† Charlie led them out of the crawl space and back into the house, the squirrel people staying close to the walls and moving quickly so as not to be seen from the street. Charlie felt a tap on his shoulder and turned to see Irena Posokovanovich smiling at him. He jumped up a couple of steps and screamed. â€Å"Don’t shock me again, I’m a good guy.† â€Å"I know that, Mr. Asher. I was wondering if you’d like me to park your van for you before it gets towed away.† â€Å"Oh yes, that would be nice.† He handed her the keys. â€Å"Thank you.† In the house, Audrey said, â€Å"She just wants to help.† â€Å"She’s creepy,† Charlie said, but then he caught what he thought was a look of disapproval rising in Audrey’s eyes and he quickly added, â€Å"In a completely sweet way, I mean.† They went directly to the kitchen and stood before the open pantry. â€Å"They got them all,† Audrey said. â€Å"That’s why they didn’t hurt us – they weren’t interested in us.† Charlie was so angry he was having trouble thinking, but without an outlet, he just shook and tried to keep his voice under control. â€Å"They just did the same thing at my store. Something did.† â€Å"There must have been three hundred souls in here,† Audrey said. â€Å"They took Rachel’s soul.† Audrey put her arm around his back, but he couldn’t respond other than to walk out of the kitchen. â€Å"That’s it, Audrey. I’m done.† â€Å"What do you mean, you’re done, Charlie? You’re scaring me.† â€Å"Ask your squirrel people where I can get into the storm sewer system. Can they tell you that?† â€Å"Probably. But you can’t do that.† He wheeled on her and she jumped back. â€Å"I have to do that. Find out, Audrey. Everyone into my van. I want you at my building, where you’ll be safe.† They were all gathered in Charlie’s living room: Sophie, Audrey, Jane, Cassandra, Lily, Minty Fresh, the undead clients from the Buddhist center, the hellhounds, and fifty or so of the squirrel people. Lily, Jane, and Cassandra were standing on the couch to get away from the squirrel people, who were milling on and around the breakfast bar. â€Å"Nice outfits,† Lily said. â€Å"But ewww.† â€Å"Thank you,† Audrey said. Sophie was standing next to Audrey, looking her up and down as if trying to guess her weight. â€Å"I’m a Jewess,† Sophie said. â€Å"Are you a Jewess?† â€Å"No, I’m a Buddhist,† Audrey said. â€Å"Is that like a shiksa?† â€Å"Yes, I think it is,† said Audrey. â€Å"It’s a type of shiksa.† â€Å"Oh, I guess that’s okay, then. My puppies are shiksas, too. That’s what Mrs. Ling calls them.† â€Å"They’re very impressive puppies, too,† Audrey said. â€Å"They want to eat your little guys, but I won’t let them, okay?† â€Å"Thank you. That would be nice.† â€Å"Unless you’re mean to my daddy. Then they’re toast.† â€Å"Of course,† Audrey said. â€Å"Special circumstances.† â€Å"He likes you a lot.† â€Å"I’m glad. I like him a lot.† â€Å"I think you’re probably okay.† â€Å"Well, right back at you,† Audrey said. She smiled at the little brunette with the heartbreaking blue eyes and the attitude, and it was all she could do not to scoop her up and hug the bejeezus out of her. Charlie jumped up on the couch next to Jane, Cassandra, and Lily, and then realized as he looked across the room at Minty Fresh that he still didn’t stand taller than the Death Merchant, which was a little unnerving. (Minty seemed focused on Lily, which was also a little unnerving.) â€Å"You guys, I’m going to go do something, and I might not come back. Jane, that letter I sent you has all the papers making you Sophie’s legal guardian.† â€Å"I’m out of here,† Lily said. â€Å"No,† Charlie said, catching her by the arm. â€Å"I want you here, too. I’m leaving you the business, but with the understanding that a percentage of the profits go to Jane to help with Sophie and will also go into a college fund for her. I know you have your career as a chef, but I trust you and you’re good at the business.† Lily looked like she wanted to say something sarcastic, but shrugged and said, â€Å"Sure. I can run your business and cook, too. You do your Death Merchant thing and raise a daughter.† â€Å"Thanks. Jane, you’ll get the building, of course, but when Sophie grows up, if she wants to stay in the City, you always have to have an apartment for her.† Jane jumped off the couch. â€Å"Charlie, this is crap, I’m not letting you do anything – â€Å" â€Å"Please. Jane, I’ve got to go. This is all in writing, I just want you to hear what I wanted in person.† â€Å"Okay,† she said. Charlie hugged his sister, Cassandra, and Lily, then went to the bedroom and gestured for Minty Fresh to follow him. â€Å"Minty, I’m going into the Underworld after the Morrigan – after Rachel’s soul, all the souls. You read "A Dirty Job Chapter 26" in category "Essay examples" It’s time.† The big man nodded, gravely. â€Å"I’m right there with you.† â€Å"No, you’re not. I need you to stay here and watch over Audrey and Sophie and the others. There are cops outside, but I think their disbelief might make them hesitate if the Morrigan come. You won’t do that.† Minty shook his head. â€Å"What chance do you have down there alone? Let me come with you. We’ll fight this thing together.† â€Å"I don’t think so,† Charlie said. â€Å"I’m blessed or something. The prophecy says, ‘The Luminatus will rise and do battle with the Forces of Darkness in the City of Two Bridges.’ It doesn’t say, the Luminatus and his trusty sidekick, Minty Fresh.† â€Å"I am not a sidekick.† â€Å"That’s what I’m saying,† said Charlie, who wasn’t saying that at all. â€Å"I’m saying that I have some sort of protection, but you probably don’t. And if I don’t come back, you’ll need to carry on as a Death Merchant in the City – maybe get the scales tipped back for our side.† Minty Fresh nodded, lowering his gaze to the floor. â€Å"You’ll take my Desert Eagles, then, for luck?† He looked up and was grinning. â€Å"I’ll take one of them,† Charlie said. Minty Fresh slipped out of his shoulder-holster rig and adjusted the straps until they fit Charlie, then helped him into the harness. â€Å"There are two extra clips in here, under your right arm,† Minty said. â€Å"I hope you don’t have to fire it that many times down there or you will be one deaf motherfucker.† â€Å"Thanks,† Charlie said. Minty helped him get his tweed jacket on over the shoulder holster. â€Å"You know, you might be heavily armed, but you still look like an English professor – don’t you have some clothes more appropriate for fighting?† â€Å"James Bond always wears a tux,† Charlie said. â€Å"Yeah, I understand the line between reality and fiction seems a little blurred here lately – â€Å" â€Å"I’m kidding,† Charlie said. â€Å"There are some motocross leathers and pads in the shop that will fit me if I can find them.† â€Å"Good.† Minty patted Charlie’s shoulders, like he was trying to make them bigger. â€Å"You see that bitch with the poison claws, you light her up for me, okay?† â€Å"I’ll buss a cap in da hoe’s ass,† Charlie said. â€Å"Don’t do that.† â€Å"Sorry.† The hardest part came a few minutes later. â€Å"Honey, Daddy has to go do something.† â€Å"Are you going to get Mommy?† Charlie was crouched in front of his daughter, and he nearly rolled over backward at the question. She hadn’t mentioned her mommy a dozen times in the last two years. â€Å"Why would you say that, honey?† â€Å"I don’t know. I was thinking about her.† â€Å"Well, you know that she loved you very much.† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"And you know that no matter what, I love you very much.† â€Å"Yeah, you said that yesterday.† â€Å"And I meant it yesterday. But this time, I really do have to go. I have to fight some bad guys, and I might not win.† Sophie’s lower lip pushed out like a big wet shelf. Don’t cry, don’t cry, don’t cry, don’t cry, Charlie chanted in his head. I can’t handle it if you cry. â€Å"Don’t cry, honey. Everything will be okay.† â€Å"Nooooooooooo,† Sophie wailed. â€Å"I want to go with you. I want to go with you. Don’t go, Daddy, I want to go with you.† Charlie held her and looked across the room to his sister, pleading. She came and took Sophie from his arms. â€Å"Noooooo. I want to go with you.† â€Å"You can’t go with me, honey.† And Charlie ducked out of the apartment before his heart broke again. Audrey was waiting in the hall with fifty-three squirrel people. â€Å"I’m driving you to the entrance,† she said. â€Å"Don’t argue.† â€Å"No,† Charlie said. â€Å"I’m not losing you after just finding you. You stay here.† â€Å"You creep! What gives you the right to be that way. I just found you, too.† â€Å"Yeah, but I’m not much of a find.† â€Å"You’re an ass,† she said, and she walked into his arms and kissed him. After a long time, Charlie looked around. The squirrel people were all looking up at them. â€Å"What are they doing here?† â€Å"They’re going with you.† â€Å"No. It’s too risky.† â€Å"Then it’s too risky for you, too. You don’t even know what could be down there – this thing that broke into your store wasn’t one of the Morrigan.† â€Å"I’m not going to be afraid, Audrey. There might be a hundred different demons, but The Book of the Dead is right, they are only keeping us from our path. I think these things exist for the same reason I was chosen to do this, because of fear. I was afraid to live, so I became Death. Their power is our fear of death. I’m not afraid. And I’m not taking the squirrel people.† â€Å"They know the way. And besides, they’re fourteen inches tall, what do they have to live for?† â€Å"Hey,† said a Beefeater guard whose head was the skull of a bobcat. â€Å"Did he say something?† Charlie asked. â€Å"One of my experimental voice boxes.† â€Å"It’s a little squeaky.† â€Å"Hey!† â€Å"Sorry, uh, Beef,† Charlie said. The creatures seemed resolute. â€Å"Onward, then!† Charlie ran down the hall so he wouldn’t have to say good-bye again. Ten yards behind him marched a small army of nightmare creatures, put together from the parts of a hundred different animals. It just so happened that at the time they were reaching the staircase, Mrs. Ling came downstairs to see what all the commotion had been about, and the entire army stopped in the stairway and looked up at her. Mrs. Ling was, and had always been, a Buddhist, and so she was a firm believer in the concept of karma, and that those lessons you did not learn would continually be presented to you until you learned them, or your soul could never evolve to the next level. That afternoon, as the Forces of Light were about to engage the Forces of Darkness for dominion over the world, Mrs. Ling, staring into the blank eyes of the squirrel people, had her own epiphany, and she never again ate meat, of any kind. Her first act of atonement was an offering to those she felt she had wronged. â€Å"You want snack?† she said. But the squirrel people marched on. The Emperor saw the van pull up near the creek and a man in bright yellow motorcycle leathers climb out. The man reached back into the van and grabbed what looked like a shoulder holster with a sledgehammer in it, and slipped into the harness. If the context hadn’t been so bizarre, the Emperor could have sworn it was his friend Charlie Asher, from the secondhand shop in North Beach, but Charlie? Here? With a gun? No. Lazarus, who was not so dependent on his eyes for recognition, barked a greeting. The man turned to them and waved. It was Charlie. He walked down to the creekbank across from them. â€Å"Your Majesty,† Charlie said. â€Å"You seem upset, Charlie. Is something wrong?† â€Å"No, no, I’m okay, I just had to take directions from a mute beaver in a fez to get here, it’s unsettling.† â€Å"Well, I can see how it would be,† said the Emperor. â€Å"Nice ensemble, though, the leathers and the pistol. Not your usual sartorial splendor.† â€Å"Well, no. I’m on a bit of a mission. Going to go into that culvert, find my way into the Underworld, and do battle with the Forces of Darkness.† â€Å"Good for you. Good for you. Forces of Darkness seem to be on the rise in my city lately.† â€Å"You noticed, then?† The Emperor hung his head. â€Å"Yes, I’m afraid we’ve lost one of our troops to the fiends.† â€Å"Bummer?† â€Å"He went into a storm sewer days ago, and hasn’t come out.† â€Å"I’m sorry, sir.† â€Å"Would you look for him, Charlie? Please. Bring him out.† â€Å"Your Majesty, I’m not sure that I’m coming back myself, but I promise, if I find him, I’ll try to bring him out. Now if you’ll excuse me, I’m going to open this van and I don’t want you to be alarmed by what you see, but I want to get into the pipe while there’s still some light from the grates. What you see coming out of the van – they’re friends.† â€Å"Carry on,† said the Emperor. Charlie slid the door open and the squirrel people hopped, scampered, and scooted down the bank of the creek toward the culvert. Charlie reached into the van, took out his sword-cane and flashlight, and butt-bumped the door shut. Lazarus whimpered and looked at the Emperor as if someone who was able to talk should say something. â€Å"Good luck, then, valiant Charlie,† said the Emperor. â€Å"You go forth with all of us in your heart, and you in ours.† â€Å"You’ll watch the van?† â€Å"Until the Golden Gate crumbles to dust, my friend,† said the Emperor. And so Charlie Asher, in the service of life and light and all sentient beings, and in hope of rescuing the soul of the love of his life, led an army of fourteen-inch-tall bundles of animal bits, armed with everything from knitting needles to a spork, into the storm sewers of San Francisco. They slogged on for hours – sometimes the pipes became narrow enough that Charlie had to crawl on his hands and knees, other times they opened into wide junctions like concrete rooms. He helped the squirrel people climb to higher pipes. He’d found a lightweight construction helmet fitted with an LED headlamp, which came in handy in narrow passages where he couldn’t aim the flashlight. He was also bumping his head about ten times an hour, and although the helmet protected him from injury, he’d developed a throbbing headache. His leathers – not really leathers, but more heavy nylon with Lexan pads at the knees, shoulders, elbows, shins, and forearms – were protecting him from bumps and abrasions on the pipes, but they were soaked and rubbing him raw at the backs of his knees. At an open junction with a grate at the top he climbed the ladder and tried to get a look at the neighborhood to perhaps get a sense of where they were, but it had gotten dark out since they started and the grate was under a parked car. What irony, that he would finally summon his courage and charge into the breach, only to end up lost and stuck in the breach. A human misfire. â€Å"Where the hell are we?† he said. â€Å"No idea,† said the bobcat guy, the one who could talk. The little Beefeater was disturbing to watch when he spoke, since he really didn’t have a face, only a skull, and he spoke without ever making the P sound. Also, instead of a halberd, which Charlie thought should have come with the costume for authenticity, the bobcat had armed himself with a spork. â€Å"Can you ask the others if they know where we are?† â€Å"Okay.† He turned to the damp gallery of squirrel people. â€Å"Hey, anybody know where we are?† They all shook their heads, looking from one to another, shrugging. Nope. â€Å"No,† said the bobcat. â€Å"Well, I could have done that,† Charlie said. â€Å"Why don’t you? It’s your _arty,† he said. Charlie realized he meant â€Å"party.† â€Å"Why no Ps?† Charlie asked. â€Å"No li_s.† â€Å"Right, lips. Sorry. What are you going to do with that spork?† â€Å"Well, when we find some bad guys, I’m going to s_ork the fuck out of them.† â€Å"Excellent. You’re my lieutenant.† â€Å"Because of the s_ork?† â€Å"No, because you can talk. What’s your name?† â€Å"Bob.† â€Å"No really.† â€Å"Really. It’s Bob.† â€Å"So I suppose your last name is Cat.† â€Å"Wilson.† â€Å"Just checking. Sorry.† â€Å"‘S okay.† â€Å"Do you remember who you were in your last life?† â€Å"I remember a little. I think I was an accountant.† â€Å"So, no military experience?† â€Å"You need some bodies counted, I’m your man, er, thing.† â€Å"Swell. Does anyone here remember if they used to be a soldier, or a ninja or anything? Extra credit for ninjas or a Viking or something. Weren’t any of you like Attila the Hun or Captain Horatio Hornblower in a former life or something?† A ferret in a sequined minidress and go-go boots came forward, paw raised. â€Å"You were a naval commander?† The ferret appeared to whisper into Bob’s hat (since Bob no longer had ears). â€Å"She says no, she misunderstood, she thought you meant horn blower.† â€Å"She was a prostitute?† â€Å"Cornet _layer,† said Bob. â€Å"Sorry,† Charlie said. â€Å"It’s the boots.† The ferret waved him off in a â€Å"no worries† way, then leaned over and whispered to Bob again. â€Å"What?† Charlie said. â€Å"Nothing,† Bob said. â€Å"Not nothing. I didn’t think they could talk.† â€Å"Well, not to you,† said Bob. â€Å"What did she say?† â€Å"She said we’re fucked.† â€Å"Well, that’s not a very good attitude,† Charlie said, but he was starting to believe the go-go ferret was right, and he leaned back into a semisitting position in the pipe to rest. Bob climbed up to a smaller pipe and sat on the edge, his feet dangling over; water dripped from his little patent-leather shoes, but the floral pattern brass buckles still shone in the light of Charlie’s headlamp. â€Å"Nice shoes,† Charlie said. â€Å"Yeah, well, Audrey digs me,† said Bob. Before Charlie could answer, the dog had grabbed Bob from behind and was shaking him like a rag doll. His mighty spork clattered off the pipe and was lost in the water below. How to cite A Dirty Job Chapter 26, Essay examples

Hillary Clinton Essay Example For Students

Hillary Clinton Essay Bill Clinton was born on August 19, 1946 in a town called Hope, with the birthname William Jefferson Blythe. His birth father died in a car accident justthree months before his birth. When he was born his mother sent him to live withhis grandparents, due to the fact that because of the current economy shecouldnt possibly support a child by herself. He lived with his grandparents fortwo years while his mother was away at nursing school in New Orleans trying toadvance her career. His grandparents tried to instill in him strong southernBaptist principles and a desire to get a good education. When Bill was four hismother returned to Hope where she met and married Roger Clinton Sr.. A few yearslater Bill and his family moved to Hot Springs, where despite his Baptistupbringing Bill attended a catholic school. When he was nine years old hechanged schools and went to Ramble Elementary. When Bill was ten Roger ClintonJr. was born, and at age fifteen Bill took his step fathers last name in hop esof helping his mothers troubled relationship. While Bill was growing up in HotSprings, the town was plagued by illegal gambling, but Bill had little contactwith this part of society despite his parents frequent participation in theseillegal practices. As time went by his mothers relationship became more and moreunstable with the alcoholic Roger Clinton Sr.. The relationship turned abusiveand his parents often separated. In high school Bill was a member of the band,student government, honor society and numerous other organizations. One summerat a political summer camp called Boys State, Bill ran for delegate to BoysNation. He won this election and was on his way to Washington to meet John F. Kennedy and Senator William Fulbright. Bill said of his victory as delegate toBoys Nation, I didnt know if I could win a race like that, because when Iwas a student politician, I was about as controversial as I have been in mylater life (Allen pg.10). After meeting JFK and Senator Fulbright face toface, Bill became determined to enter politics. After high school Bill went tothe University of Georgetown where he concentrated on international studies, inorder to prepare himself for the world of politics. While enrolled atGeorgetown, he had to get job to help pay the tuition cost. He took advantage ofthe meeting he had with Senator Fulbright to get a job as Fulbrights assistant. While at school Clinton was awarded a Rhodes scholarship and went to Oxford tostudy for two years. After traveling through Europe and graduating form Oxford,he then went on to study law at Yale in 1971. At this time in his life, Bill didsomething that would come back to haunt him in his political career many yearsdown the road. During the Vietnam war Clinton tried to receive a draft defermentfor his education. Also, despite his hatred for the war enrolled in ROTC. Hefailed to fulfill his enrollment in the program when he realized that if he gota lottery number for the draft, his chances of being called were slim to none. While attending Yale, he met Hillary Rodham and the two started a friendshipthat turned into a relationship. After graduation from Yale Clinton planned onreturning to Hot Springs to set up a small law practice, but on before he leftYale one of his professors suggested that he seek a position as a professor oflaw at the University of Arkansas. Bill thought about this on the way back toArkansas and when he arrived there he called up the University and requested aninterview. After a few tries, he successfully landed a job on the faculty andbegan to teach law at age twenty-eight. In 1974 he decided to run for congressin his district and was narrowly defeated by his elder opponent John PaulHammerschmidt. After this narrow defeat, he received a lot of attention as an upand coming politician. In 1975 Bill and Hillary got married at a house that Billhad just bought. In a small private ceremony, at the wedding reception heannounced his intention to run for office in 1976 but was not positive as towhether he would seek the office of States Attorney General or run again forCongress. In 1976 he ran and was elected to the position of States AttorneyGeneral. His term as

The Rise of Extremist Groups, Disparity and Poverty

Introduction Terrorism is the most immediate and significant threat to international security and peace. By definition, terrorism refers to the use of extreme violence by non-state actors against civilians or society for political and ideological goals. Although terrorism is not a new phenomenon, it has become increasingly common in the last two decades where it has led to deaths of thousands of innocent civilians across the world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Rise of Extremist Groups, Disparity and Poverty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the negative consequences that terrorists have posed to the society, the fight against the vice has become more difficult with time, especially in the light of the increasing support for the violent actions against civilians from extremist groups. Extremist groups use radicalization to amass support for their activities. This strategy has become a very c ommon and real problem, which has led to people being radicalized into violent extremism (RVE) . However, the force that drives groups and societies vulnerable to radicalization into violent extremism has been a major issue in the quest for finding a solution to this growing problem. Looking at many programs and projects that are aimed at reducing extremism and radicalization, the use of financial aids and other programs for alleviating the lives of people where extremism is common is a major theme. Such an approach is a clear indication of the prevailing perception of the relationship between poverty, disparity, and extremism. This paper investigates the successful rise of extremist groups and their link to poverty and disparity. The Consensus Relating to Extremist Groups and Extremism What causes extremism? What motivates people to join extremist groups? Such questions have been at the center of efforts that have been put towards curbing extremism and extremist groups in the quest for making the world a better and more peaceful place. The questions are indeed set for a good reason, especially with reference to the ongoing proliferation of extremist terrorist groups across the world. Since 2010, there has been a 53% rise in the number of terrorist groups and militias across the world. According to White and Halm (2002), the group’s main agenda is to attack civilians and government installations in an outright hatred for the current leadership or international actors such as the United States and its allies who have been accused of harassing or committing other crimes against the communities where these extremist groups exist . For instance, the Al-Qaeda group, which is one of the well-known extremist and terrorist groups, has a deep hatred for the United States, which it accuses of infringing on the rights of Muslims. According to the group, the US should be attacked and exposed to extreme violence.Advertising Looking for research paper on politic al sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The extremist groups claim that such actions are aimed at ensuring that they (the groups) can be left alone to establish their governance in the areas that they control. The actions are also meant to keep away the international actors such as the US from interfering.  In the last 10 years, the effects of extremist groups have been felt across the world, especially in the Middle East and North Africa region. Following the Arab Uprising in the Arab world, many governments have been destabilized to the extent of leading to serious problems and challenges in terms of delivering services to the members of the society . Without stability and strong governance from the central governments, it is difficult for the government to provide an environment where businesses can thrive. This situation leads to an increase in unemployment and poverty among other societal problems.  From the above ana lysis, extremism and terrorism have become a serious international security agenda. In the quest for reducing the effects and reach of terrorism, the US and other international players have dedicated billions of dollars to providing relief aid that is aimed at increasing education and the economic status of communities that are viewed as vulnerable to such extremist ideologies. The perceptions of these efforts by the US and its allies are that poverty and marginalization are key factors that make people, especially the youths, vulnerable to extremism. However, so far, little has been achieved. More extremist groups are sprouting or expanding to the level of coming up with new approaches to violence (White Halm, 2002). This situation is a cause for worry concerning the future of international security. The Link between Poverty and Extremism Poverty relates to the lack and inadequacy of material possessions to enable a decent livelihood for people. More than 1.2 billion people in the world live below the poverty line. They survive on less than a dollar while approximately half of the world’s population lives on less than 2 dollars a day . Poverty levels are increasing by the day. The situation has caused many communities, and most importantly youths, who are finding the effects of poverty unbearable, and hence the reason why they have opted for new ways of making a living. It is also important to note that violence and lawlessness are majorly found in impoverished nations and/or marginalized communities and hence the reason why poverty and its linkage to violence and lawlessness has been a subject of growing research. Researches have led to different outcomes and recommendations that relate to the main factors that make people vulnerable to extremism and terrorist ideologies.  A research by Tessler and Robbins (2007) scrutinizes the link between discrete financial features and support for violence.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Rise of Extremist Groups, Disparity and Poverty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study confirms, â€Å"Neither personal nor societal economic circumstances are crucial factors that determine attitudes towards terrorism that is directed towards the United States and other nations† (Tessler Robbins, 2007, p. 323). Another research by Shafiq and Sinno (2010) used Pews Global Attitudes Survey (GATS) data from 2005. The study found that the relationship between income, education, and support for suicide bombing varies from one country to another and from one target to another. Another study by Chiozza (2011), which involved close to 15 Islamic countries, realized that the backing of Islamist radicalism was at the peak among the metropolitan underprivileged class. From these researches, it is important to conclude that low-income people or poor individuals are more likely to support violent extremist groups compare d to those who have a higher income. A good example is the support for Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan where it is evident that poverty has played a major role in amassing support from youths and local populations, which have been left in poverty with minimal access to government services and development. While support for terrorist groups and their violent activities may vary from one territory to another or a nation to another, such support is majorly determined by two characteristics, namely poverty and inequality. These two factors are all centered on the economic and political discrimination that has become unbearable in the marginalized communities. According to Tessler and Robbins (2007), economic discrimination against minority groups can reveal why such underprivileged communities often support domestic extremist groups . Such individuals or minority groups often support the extremist groups since the group’s ideologies resonate with the plight of those who are disappointed by domestic politics of economic marginalization. The ideologies also offer an attentive option of economic freedom or means of achieving various policy goals that they deem impossible to achieve unless the follow the approaches that the extremist groups suggest . In this case, even when an individual is not personally experiencing poverty (but he or she can witness it among other members of the society), he or she may end up being persuaded to support the extremist group’s ideologies of violence and terror to push for change . Indeed, this notion is an important explanation of why more youths, even from the rich countries, are leaving their affluent lives to take arms in support of terror activities, especially in Syria, through the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) or in Somalia through the Al-Shabaab terrorist group.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marginalization and Extremism For a very long time, many Islamic nations in the Middle East and North Africa have been ruled through dictatorship where people in key government activities have had very limited freedom of expression. Such leadership has allowed the growth of dissidence, especially from the educated class and the youths who feel that there is a need for a change in governance to give people more say concerning the way they are governed . The Arab Spring is an important indicator of the end of people’s tolerance for such leadership, which only benefits the elite while marginalizing and oppressing the majority of those who are led. Beginning in 2010 in Tunisia, the ‘Spring’ or what can been viewed as a revolution saw many civilians take into streets in protests, which were both violent and non-violent, requesting changes in leadership and governance in favor of democracy and democratic leadership . Countries such as Libya are characterized by prosper ity in terms of income and living standards. However, the lack of other benefits such as the freedom of expression and the right to partake in decisions relating to leadership was enough motivation for bringing civilians together to demand the ousting of the leadership of the day, which was seen as a great hindrance to what the society wanted. By the end of the movement, the Arab world has experienced enormous changes in leadership and democratic process, which although have been slow to take root, are a clear sign of what can motivate people into supporting extremist groups . A good example is Egypt. Despite the enactment of the preferred government led by Morsi, the country’s adoption of even more strict Sharia law, which was not in line with what the society expected, led to a new revolution and consequently the ousting of Morsi. It was evident that the society was willing to go to the greatest depths to support even the extreme groups as long as dictatorial and marginaliz ing leadership was the devil that was being fought. Another important example of the way marginalization or inequality is a major reason why groups support terrorism can be obtained from the case of Somalia’s extremist group, which has launched many and often-disastrous attacks on countries it deems enemy such as Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia. Since the African Union’s AMISOM forces, which have a majority membership from the Kenya Defense Forces, Ethiopia, and Uganda entered the lawless country of Somalia to flush out the terrorist group, there has been an increasing wave of radicalization and extremism across the region . Kenyan youths form the major culprit who has become an easy target for radicalization. The youths are being turned into enemies of their nations. Indeed, the Kenyan government has been grappling with the challenges that the Al-Shabaab outfit poses, especially in terms of the radicalization of the young people. The genesis of this problem can be traced to the marginalization of youths who are growing up and becoming adults without any meaningful means of earning a living .  In this case, even the youths may not believe in the ideologies that are posed by the terrorist groups. The opportunity of making a living with very attractive packages of salary makes it very easy to radicalize such youths .   What options do they have when the choice is between poverty and prosperity even if the cost of joining the terrorist group means taking up arms and killing innocent people? The case of Al-Shabaab and its radicalization of youths across East Africa can be witnessed in other regions of the world where terrorism is thriving. This situation can solely be pinned to poverty and marginalization. Discussion From the above review of studies, it is evident that the rise of extremist groups can be greatly attributed to many factors. However, poverty and disparity play the biggest role. For a long time, many governments in areas where terrorist groups thrive have ignored the plight of their people. They have focused on only the welfare of the elite while exposing many people to poverty and helplessness. This situation has led to resentment and great hatred towards those who are viewed as being the main cause of such societal problems. Firstly, poverty makes living difficult and almost impossible to bear. When the government is not doing enough to provide the people with opportunities for making a living, it slowly loses its authority of such people. Hence, they slowly opt to carry out all possible activities to make a living . When youths are growing up without an idea of what they can make of themselves, the situation leaves many questions on the people concerning the legitimacy of the government of the day if it cannot address the obvious challenges that the society is facing. The presence of poverty provides extremist groups the best launch pad for success in the activities and their reach in two main ways. The extremi st groups understand the problems the people are undergoing. Hence, they can easily convince them on who deserves to be the enemy, in this case, the government of the day or any other group such as international actors, including the US among others. When the enemy is identified, actions that are necessary for eliminating the enemy mostly include violence (Bjorgo Horgan, 2009; Shafiq Sinno, 2010). Such actions become very viable. For instance, providing security and a means of earning a living are major motivators for many militants who join the group. Many terrorist groups have financiers or financial activities that ensure that they can support their members with good lives and a means of earning a living. When presented with such an opportunity, many youths and people willingly join these groups by taking up arms to fight against the ‘enemy’ . Therefore, it is evident that poverty is closely linked to extremism and the proliferation of extremist groups across the w orld.  Secondly, marginalization and disparities between the rich and poor are a major cause of extremism. In many nations, the ruled or the population does not have a say on matters that greatly influence their welfare. This situation attracts a major disparity between the elite or the political class and the ordinary citizens. The government and other individuals who are close to power have access to the best lives possible while the ordinary citizens are left to grapple with all kinds of problems . Of great significance is the iron fist approach to leadership that some governments use with total disregard for democratic process that can allow those who are ruled to be part of the decision-making process on issues that they hold dear. At the end, the government implements unpopular decisions where any opposition is responded to with brutal force, which often violates all human rights that the citizens should enjoy. When the people are tired of such leadership styles, extremist g roups become the only way out of such marginalization and/or the only viable option towards equality . In this case, people are oppressed to become an easy target for radicalization since they easily resonate with the ideologies of the extremist groups, which promise to use all means possible to overthrow and organize a more representative government . Even though most of such ideologies and goals never become successful, they still reflect the motivation of the members of the extremist groups as far as their quest for equality is concerned. Conclusion As long as poverty and inequality dominate the society, it will be difficult for the world to rid itself of extremism and extremist groups. The ideologies of such groups are based on the desire to fight the ‘enemy’ who has caused poverty and marginalization. While researchers have given different opinions on the causal link between poverty, marginalization, and extremism, it is evident that cases of violence and lack of p eace are majorly found in areas where poverty and marginalization prevail.  However, the support for poverty and disparity as major causal factors can be explained since the two issues give extremist groups a good starting point towards convincing members of the target communities into embracing their ideologies. Once the government or other actors are portrayed as the enemy and the cause of the problems that members of the society face, taking up arms is just a part of the problem since extremism takes root. Concisely, to eliminate extremism and terrorism, it is important for world governments and other players to find a way of ensuring inclusivity and equality for all people. Eliminating poverty must be a major goal for all governments. It is only after the achievement of prosperity for all people that the world will stand a chance to be at peace without extremist groups. Reference List Aftab, S. (2008). Poverty and Militancy. Conflict and Peace Studies, 1(10), 65-86. Bjorgo, T. , Horgan, J. (2009). Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement. New York, NY: Routledge. Chiozza, G. (2011). Winning Hearts and Minds: The Political Sociology of Popular Support for Suicide Bombings. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University. Jones, G. (2014). A Persistent Threat: The Evolution of Al Qa’ida and Other Salafi Jihadists. Washington, DC: RAND Corporation. Piazza, J. (2011). Poverty, Minority Economic Discrimination, and Domestic Terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 48(3), 339-353. Shafiq, M., Sinno, A. (2010). Education, Income and Support for Suicide Bombing; Evidence from Six Muslim Countries. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54(1), 146-178. Tessler, M., Robbins, M. (2007). What Leads Some Ordinary Men and Women to Approve of Terrorist Acts Against the United States? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(2), 305-328. White, J., Halm, S. (2002). Terrorism and Homeland Security. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. This research paper on The Rise of Extremist Groups, Disparity and Poverty was written and submitted by user Alexzander W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Free Essays on Les Miserable

Les Miserables Les Miserables is one of the most captivating plays of our lifetime! It grabs the audience and pulls you in head first. You can't take out eyes off of the stage, and even if you can, the music will take your breath away! I have seen the play 3 times and I don't think I enjoy anything in this world more than watching that play! Les Miserables starts off on a chain gang in France. The sheriff comes out and gives one of the convicts his release papers. This convict is the lead role who name is Jeran Valjean, who has served 19 years on the chain gang for stealing a mouthful of bread. Jean Valjean leaves the prison and sets out to find work. But no one will give him work because of his tattoo which reads 24601, his prison ID number. Then in the time when he couldn't be more down a priest invites Valjean to stay with him. Despite the kind priest taking him in and feeding him, Valjean decides to take the silver from the table. In the run he gets captured be the police. But instead of telling the truth about Valjeans thievery, he gives the criminal more silver and sends the police away. He makes Jean Valjean promise that he will become an honest man with this silver. The next scene in 10 years later set in a factory where we meat the other main character, Fantine. As she is reading a letter her perverted boss snatches it up with his hands and reads it aloud. Fantine has a daughter that lives with an innkeeper and his wife who are the only ones in this whole play that give some comedy relief. They treat her daughter horribly and when the boss finds out that she has a daughter he thinks of her as a prostitute and kicks her out of the factory, which is in the town in which the new honest Valjean is the mayor. To support her child Fantine sells her chain and her locks of hair. Then later because she can't find work becomes a prostitute. Later a respected person in the communi... Free Essays on Les Miserable Free Essays on Les Miserable Les Miserables Les Miserables is one of the most captivating plays of our lifetime! It grabs the audience and pulls you in head first. You can't take out eyes off of the stage, and even if you can, the music will take your breath away! I have seen the play 3 times and I don't think I enjoy anything in this world more than watching that play! Les Miserables starts off on a chain gang in France. The sheriff comes out and gives one of the convicts his release papers. This convict is the lead role who name is Jeran Valjean, who has served 19 years on the chain gang for stealing a mouthful of bread. Jean Valjean leaves the prison and sets out to find work. But no one will give him work because of his tattoo which reads 24601, his prison ID number. Then in the time when he couldn't be more down a priest invites Valjean to stay with him. Despite the kind priest taking him in and feeding him, Valjean decides to take the silver from the table. In the run he gets captured be the police. But instead of telling the truth about Valjeans thievery, he gives the criminal more silver and sends the police away. He makes Jean Valjean promise that he will become an honest man with this silver. The next scene in 10 years later set in a factory where we meat the other main character, Fantine. As she is reading a letter her perverted boss snatches it up with his hands and reads it aloud. Fantine has a daughter that lives with an innkeeper and his wife who are the only ones in this whole play that give some comedy relief. They treat her daughter horribly and when the boss finds out that she has a daughter he thinks of her as a prostitute and kicks her out of the factory, which is in the town in which the new honest Valjean is the mayor. To support her child Fantine sells her chain and her locks of hair. Then later because she can't find work becomes a prostitute. Later a respected person in the communi...